Halal Travel Guides / South Africa

🇿🇦Halal Travel Guide to South Africa

South African Islam has a specific and remarkable history. Muslims arrived at the Cape from 1658 as slaves and political exiles from the Dutch East Indies - Sheikh Yusuf of Makassar, exiled here in 1694, is a national hero in both South Africa and Indonesia. Their descendants, the Cape Malay community, built the Bo-Kaap and the Auwal Mosque of 1794, the oldest in sub-Saharan Africa. Durban then acquired the largest Indian population outside India. The result is a country with excellent halal food, a strong certification system and world-class safari - at prices that make it one of the best-value destinations here.

Last updated: 20 September 2026
Table Mountain rising behind Cape Town harbour

Why South Africa works for Muslim travellers

Around 1.6% of South Africans are Muslim - roughly a million people - but concentrated in Cape Town and Durban, where the proportion is far higher. SANHA and the MJC run well-established halal certification.

Muslim population
~1.6%
Around a million, concentrated in the Western Cape (Cape Malay) and KwaZulu-Natal (Indian South African), with growing communities in Johannesburg and among Black South Africans.
Certification bodies
SANHA, MJC, ICSA
The South African National Halaal Authority and the Muslim Judicial Council are the main certifiers. Coverage is excellent - supermarkets, chains and fast food all carry certification.
Language
English + 11 others
English is universal in cities and business. Afrikaans in the Cape, Zulu in KwaZulu-Natal.
Visa
Visa-free for many
Visa-free for 90 days for the UK, EU, US and several Gulf states; others apply online or at a mission. Check current requirements.
Currency
Rand (ZAR)
A weak rand makes South Africa exceptional value for foreign visitors. Cards are accepted widely.
Best months
Oct-April (Cape), May-Sep (safari)
Cape Town's summer is October to April; Kruger's game viewing is best in the dry winter, May to September.

The oldest mosque in sub-Saharan Africa

The Auwal Mosque in the Bo-Kaap, founded in 1794 by Tuan Guru, a Tidore prince exiled to Robben Island, who wrote out the Qur'an from memory while imprisoned there. That manuscript survives.

Cape Malay and Durban Indian food

Two distinct halal culinary traditions - Cape Malay bobotie, denningvleis and koeksisters, and Durban's bunny chow and breyani. Both are exceptional and both are cheap.

Halal-friendly safari

Kruger and the private reserves have lodges that cater specifically to Muslim guests, and several are Muslim-owned. Big Five game viewing with halal catering arranged in advance.

The Bo-Kaap

A quarter of brightly painted houses on the slope of Signal Hill, settled by freed slaves and Muslim exiles, with the oldest mosques in the country and a museum in an 18th-century house.

Certification everywhere

SANHA and MJC certification is on supermarket products, fast food chains, hotels and restaurants. South Africa has one of the best-developed halal systems outside the Muslim world.

Outstanding value

A weak rand means a superb meal is ZAR 150-350, a good Cape Town hotel ZAR 1,200-2,500, and safari costs a fraction of East Africa's.

Know before you go

Ten days: Cape Town, Kruger and Durban

Four days in Cape Town for the Bo-Kaap and the peninsula, three on safari, three in Durban for the Indian quarter and the coast. Two internal flights.

1Day

Cape Town: the Bo-Kaap

Auwal Mosque - Bo-Kaap Museum - Company's Garden

morning
The Bo-Kaap - painted houses stepped up Signal Hill, settled by freed slaves and exiles from the Indonesian archipelago. The Auwal Mosque, founded 1794, is the oldest in sub-Saharan Africa.
afternoon
The Bo-Kaap Museum in an 18th-century house, and the Tana Baru cemetery above the quarter, where Tuan Guru and the early imams are buried.
evening
Cape Malay food in the Bo-Kaap - Biesmiellah or Bo-Kaap Kombuis, which has a view over the city as well as the food.
Tuan Guru, a prince from Tidore in the Moluccas, was imprisoned on Robben Island from 1780 and wrote out the Qur'an from memory. The manuscript survives and the mosque he founded on release is still in use.
2Day

Cape Town: Table Mountain and the waterfront

Table Mountain - V&A Waterfront - Robben Island

morning
Table Mountain by cable car, first thing, before the cloud. The cableway closes in high wind, so go on the first clear morning you get.
afternoon
Robben Island by ferry - Mandela's prison, and also where Tuan Guru and other Muslim exiles were held two centuries earlier. Book ahead; it sells out.
evening
The V&A Waterfront, which has halal-certified restaurants and the Zeitz MOCAA contemporary African art museum in a converted grain silo.
Robben Island tours are led by former political prisoners and are booked well in advance.
3Day

The Cape Peninsula

Chapman's Peak - Cape Point - Boulders Beach

morning
The Chapman's Peak Drive along the cliffs to Hout Bay, one of the great coastal roads.
afternoon
Cape Point and the Cape of Good Hope in the national park, with baboons, ostriches and the lighthouse walk.
evening
Boulders Beach at Simon's Town for the African penguin colony, then back through the false bay villages.
The kramats - tombs of early Muslim leaders - form a circle around the Cape peninsula and several are on this route, including at Constantia and Oudekraal.
4Day

Kramats, Cape Malay cooking and the winelands

Sheikh Yusuf kramat - Macassar - Stellenbosch

morning
The kramat of Sheikh Yusuf of Makassar at Faure, near Macassar - the most venerated Muslim site in South Africa. Exiled here in 1694 after leading resistance to the Dutch in Java, he is a national hero in both countries.
afternoon
A Cape Malay cooking class in the Bo-Kaap, learning bobotie, denningvleis and koeksisters, which is the best way to understand the cuisine.
evening
Or the winelands at Stellenbosch and Franschhoek for the mountain scenery and the Cape Dutch architecture - the wine itself aside, the valleys are spectacular.
Nelson Mandela visited Sheikh Yusuf's kramat, and Indonesia declared him a national hero in 1995.
5Day

Fly to Kruger

Johannesburg or Nelspruit - private reserve

morning
Fly to Johannesburg (2 hours) and on to Nelspruit or Skukuza, or fly direct to the Kruger area.
afternoon
Check into a lodge. Several Kruger-area lodges and private reserves are Muslim-owned or cater specifically to Muslim guests with halal catering and prayer facilities.
evening
Evening game drive - the best time for predators, with spotlights after dark. Lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhino are all present.
Arrange halal catering when booking, not on arrival. Several operators specialise in it and will confirm in writing.
6Day

Kruger: full day

Morning and evening game drives

morning
Dawn game drive, leaving before sunrise when the animals are most active and the light is best.
afternoon
Rest through the heat, then a walking safari with an armed guide if the reserve offers one - a completely different experience from the vehicle.
evening
Second game drive, then dinner under the stars. Kruger has almost no light pollution.
The Big Five - lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo, rhino - are all present. Leopard is the hardest and the private reserves have the best odds.
7Day

Panorama Route

Blyde River Canyon - God's Window - Bourke's Luck

morning
The Blyde River Canyon, the third largest canyon in the world and the greenest, with the Three Rondavels viewpoint.
afternoon
God's Window, Bourke's Luck Potholes and the Lisbon Falls along the escarpment.
evening
Fly out of Nelspruit to Durban, or back to Johannesburg for the connection.
The escarpment is often in cloud - the viewpoints are hit and miss, and early morning gives the best chance.
8Day

Durban: the Indian quarter

Juma Masjid - Victoria Street Market - Grey Street

morning
Juma Masjid on Grey Street, the largest mosque in the southern hemisphere, built from 1881 and expanded repeatedly. Guided visits can be arranged through the mosque.
afternoon
The Victoria Street Market and the Grey Street quarter - spice merchants, sari shops and the densest Indian commercial district in Africa.
evening
Bunny chow - a hollowed quarter loaf of white bread filled with curry, invented in Durban by Indian workers. Eaten with your hands, and not remotely refined.
Durban has the largest Indian population of any city outside India, a legacy of indentured labour brought for the sugar plantations from 1860.
9Day

Durban: the coast

Golden Mile - uShaka - Umhlanga

morning
The Golden Mile beachfront promenade, with warm Indian Ocean swimming year-round.
afternoon
uShaka Marine World, or the Phansi Museum of southern African material culture in a Victorian house.
evening
Umhlanga north of the city, which has a large Muslim community, halal restaurants and a lighthouse promenade.
Durban's sea is warm all year - around 22C in winter and 26C in summer - unlike Cape Town's, which is icy.
10Day

Johannesburg, then home

Nizamiye Mosque - Soweto - Apartheid Museum

morning
Fly to Johannesburg. The Nizamiye Mosque in Midrand, built by a Turkish philanthropist as a scaled replica of the Selimiye in Edirne - the largest mosque in the southern hemisphere.
afternoon
The Apartheid Museum, which is outstanding, or Soweto - Vilakazi Street, where both Mandela and Tutu lived, and the Hector Pieterson Memorial.
evening
Fordsburg for dinner - Johannesburg's Indian and Muslim quarter, with a night market on Mint Road and the Oriental Plaza. Fly out of OR Tambo.
Fordsburg's night market runs most evenings and is the best halal street food in Johannesburg.

Shorter and longer versions

Mosques and Islamic sites in South Africa

South Africa has over 500 mosques, the oldest in the Bo-Kaap. The kramats - tombs of the early Muslim exiles and leaders - form a circle around the Cape peninsula and are the country's distinctive ziyarah tradition.

Auwal Mosque Bo-Kaap, Cape Town 1794, oldest in sub-Saharan Africa

Founded by Tuan Guru, a prince of Tidore exiled to Robben Island in 1780, who wrote out the Qur'an from memory in prison. The manuscript survives. The mosque has been in continuous use since.

Kramat of Sheikh Yusuf Faure, near Macassar Most venerated

The tomb of Sheikh Yusuf of Makassar, exiled to the Cape in 1694 after leading resistance to the Dutch in Banten. A national hero in both South Africa and Indonesia, and the most important Muslim site in the country.

Juma Masjid Grey Street, Durban Largest in southern hemisphere

Begun in 1881 and repeatedly expanded, holding several thousand, at the centre of Durban's Indian quarter. Guided visits can be arranged.

Nizamiye Mosque Midrand, Johannesburg Ottoman replica

Built by a Turkish philanthropist as a scaled replica of Sinan's Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, opened in 2012. The largest mosque complex in the southern hemisphere, with a school, clinic and shops.

Palm Tree Mosque Long Street, Cape Town 1820s

The second-oldest mosque in South Africa, in a converted house on Long Street with two palm trees outside, one of which survives.

Nurul Islam Mosque Bo-Kaap, Cape Town 1844

One of several historic Bo-Kaap mosques within a few streets of each other, reflecting the quarter's density of congregations.

The Circle of Kramats Cape Peninsula Ziyarah circuit

A ring of some twenty tombs of early Muslim exiles and leaders around the Cape peninsula - at Signal Hill, Oudekraal, Constantia, Faure and Robben Island. Cape Muslims traditionally visit them as a circuit.

Masjid-ul-Quds Gatesville, Cape Town Large

One of the largest mosques in Cape Town, in the Cape Flats, serving a substantial community outside the historic Bo-Kaap.

Grey Street quarter mosques Durban District

Several mosques within the historic Indian commercial quarter around Juma Masjid, serving different community traditions.

Mia's Farm and Soweto mosques Johannesburg Growing

Johannesburg's Muslim community spans Indian South African, Malawian, Somali and a growing number of Black South African converts, with mosques across Fordsburg, Lenasia and Soweto.

Habibia Soofie Mosque Cape Town Sufi

A Chishti Sufi complex in Rylands with a distinctive Indo-Islamic design, reflecting the other strand of South African Islam - South Asian rather than Southeast Asian.

Masjid Al-Furqaan Durban Central

One of several large Durban mosques serving the city's substantial Indian Muslim population.

Islamic heritage and museums

Bo-Kaap Cape Town Living quarter

Painted houses on the slope of Signal Hill, settled from the 18th century by freed slaves and exiles from the Indonesian archipelago. The oldest mosques in the country and a museum in an 18th-century house.

Tana Baru cemetery Bo-Kaap, Cape Town Burial ground

The oldest Muslim cemetery in South Africa, above the Bo-Kaap, where Tuan Guru and the early imams are buried. Closed to new burials in 1886, which provoked a significant protest.

Robben Island Cape Town UNESCO

Mandela's prison, and two centuries earlier the place of imprisonment for Muslim political exiles from the Dutch East Indies, including Tuan Guru. Tours led by former political prisoners.

Victoria Street Market and Grey Street Durban Indian quarter

The commercial heart of the largest Indian community outside India - spice merchants, fabric shops and the Juma Masjid, dating from the indentured labour migrations after 1860.

Apartheid Museum Johannesburg Essential

Outstanding and difficult - the history of segregation and its dismantling, including the role of Muslim activists in the struggle. Allow three hours.

Fordsburg Johannesburg Muslim quarter

Johannesburg's historic Indian and Muslim district, with the Oriental Plaza, a nightly street food market on Mint Road, and a history as a site of anti-apartheid organising.

What to eat in South Africa - and where

Two distinct halal traditions - Cape Malay in the Western Cape, Indian in Durban and Johannesburg - plus SANHA and MJC certification across supermarkets and chains. South Africa is one of the easiest non-Muslim-majority countries in the world for halal food.

Dishes worth planning a day around

Bunny chow

A hollowed quarter loaf of white bread filled with curry, invented in Durban by Indian workers who needed portable lunches. Eaten with your hands, and the bread lid used to scoop. Mutton is the classic.

Bobotie

Spiced minced meat with dried fruit under a baked egg custard, served with yellow rice. The Cape Malay dish, and arguably South Africa's national one.

Denningvleis

A Cape Malay lamb stew sweetened with tamarind and studded with allspice - a direct descendant of a dish from the Indonesian archipelago.

Breyani

Durban's version of biryani, layered with lentils and potato and spiced differently from the Indian original. Sunday food.

Koeksisters

Two versions exist: the Cape Malay koesister is a spiced, syrup-soaked doughnut rolled in coconut; the Afrikaans koeksister is a plaited, glassy-syrup one. The Cape Malay version is the Sunday morning tradition.

Samoosas

Triangular fried pastries with mince, chicken or vegetable filling, made across both communities and sold everywhere. Spelled with the double 'o' in South Africa.

Gatsby

A Cape Town invention - a long roll stuffed with chips, masala steak or polony and sauce, cut into portions and shared. Deeply unhealthy and a genuine institution.

Sosaties

Skewered marinated lamb with dried apricots, grilled over coals - the word comes from the Malay 'sate'. Braai food.

Braai

The South African barbecue, and a social institution. Halal braai meat - boerewors, sosaties, lamb chops - is sold at every certified butcher.

Malva pudding

A sticky apricot sponge served hot with custard. Traditionally contains apricot jam and vinegar; check for alcohol in some restaurant versions.

Rooibos tea

Red bush tea from the Cederberg, caffeine-free and grown nowhere else on earth. Drunk constantly and worth taking home.

Biltong and droëwors

Air-dried spiced beef and sausage, the national snack. Halal-certified versions are widely available at certified butchers and supermarkets.

Restaurants

Biesmiellah Bo-Kaap, Cape Town Halal

A Bo-Kaap institution serving Cape Malay food - bobotie, denningvleis, curries and koeksisters - in the heart of the painted quarter. Family-run for decades.

Bo-Kaap Kombuis Bo-Kaap, Cape Town Halal

Cape Malay cooking with a terrace looking over the city to Table Mountain. Book for the view as much as the food.

Atlas Trading Company Bo-Kaap, Cape Town Spice shop

Not a restaurant but a spice merchant open since 1946, where the Bo-Kaap buys its masalas. The place to understand Cape Malay cooking.

Mariam's Kitchen Cape Town CBD Halal

Gatsbys, curries and Cape Malay staples in the city centre, cheap and consistently busy at lunchtime.

Cape Malay cooking classes Bo-Kaap Halal

Several Bo-Kaap families run half-day classes in their homes - the market, then bobotie, roti and koeksisters. The best single thing to do in Cape Town for a food traveller.

Oriental Restaurant Durban Halal

A long-established Durban curry house serving breyani and the city's signature dishes near the Grey Street quarter.

Little Gujarat Durban Halal

Durban curry done straightforwardly, with bunny chow among the options. Local rather than touristy.

House of Curries Durban and Cape Town Halal certified

A South African halal chain doing Durban-style curries and bunny chow, with branches in both cities. Reliable.

Victoria Street Market food stalls Durban Halal

Spice merchants and cooked food stalls in the covered market at the heart of the Indian quarter.

Fordsburg night market Johannesburg Halal

Mint Road fills with food stalls most evenings - grilled meat, samoosas, falooda, curries. The best halal street food in Johannesburg.

Oriental Plaza Fordsburg, Johannesburg Halal

A large covered shopping and eating complex in Johannesburg's Indian quarter, with dozens of halal food outlets.

Umhlanga halal restaurants Durban Halal

The coastal suburb north of Durban has a substantial Muslim community and a good cluster of halal restaurants along the promenade and in the malls.

Halal safari lodges Kruger area Halal catering

Several Kruger-area lodges are Muslim-owned or arrange halal catering with advance notice, along with prayer facilities. Book the catering when you book the room.

SANHA-certified chains Nationwide Certified

Nando's, Steers, KFC and several other national chains have SANHA or MJC-certified branches, clearly marked. Useful on road trips.

Watch out for:
  • Provision is excellent in Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg and thin in small towns and along the Garden Route. Plan food for road trips.
  • Pork and alcohol are standard in mainstream South African restaurants, and wine is central to the Cape's identity.
  • Braai culture is universal and meat-heavy; halal braai meat is sold at every certified butcher, so joining in is straightforward.
  • Certified branches of chains are marked - not every branch of Nando's or KFC is certified, so check the sign.
  • Malva pudding and some desserts may contain alcohol in restaurant versions; the traditional recipe does not.

Prayer, dress and practicalities

Over 500 mosques, concentrated in the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng. Prayer facilities are common in malls and at airports in those provinces.

WherePrayer facilities
Cape Town and OR Tambo airportsPrayer rooms at both, with ablution facilities. Durban's King Shaka also has one.
Shopping mallsMalls in Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg commonly have prayer rooms, particularly in areas with Muslim populations - Canal Walk, Gateway and Sandton City among them.
Bo-KaapSeveral mosques within a few streets, all open for the five prayers, in the heart of the historic quarter.
Durban Grey Street quarterJuma Masjid and several other mosques within the Indian commercial district.
Safari lodgesLodges catering to Muslim guests provide prayer space and qibla direction; arrange when booking.
HotelsQibla markers are common in Cape Town and Durban hotels used to Muslim guests. Elsewhere, ask.
The kramatsMost of the Cape peninsula kramats have a small prayer space attached and are visited as a circuit by Cape Muslims.

Practical notes

Where to stay in South Africa

In Cape Town, the Bo-Kaap and the City Bowl put you near the mosques and Cape Malay food. In Durban, Umhlanga has the largest Muslim community and the best beach.

Bo-Kaap and City Bowl Cape Town Halal district

Guesthouses in the painted quarter itself, with the historic mosques, the Cape Malay restaurants and Table Mountain above. Central and walkable in daylight.

V&A Waterfront Cape Town Safe and convenient

Secure, walkable, with halal-certified restaurants, the Robben Island ferry and the Zeitz MOCAA. More expensive and less characterful.

Sea Point and Green Point Cape Town Promenade

On the Atlantic seaboard with a long promenade, a good restaurant scene and a substantial Muslim community nearby in Rylands and Gatesville.

Umhlanga Durban Halal cluster

North of Durban, with a large Muslim community, halal restaurants, warm-sea beaches and a lighthouse promenade. Safer and calmer than central Durban.

Durban Golden Mile Durban Beachfront

The beachfront hotels, close to the Indian quarter and uShaka. Exercise normal caution after dark.

Kruger private reserves Mpumalanga Halal catering

Sabi Sand, Timbavati and the Kruger-area lodges, several of which are Muslim-owned or arrange halal catering and prayer space on request.

Fordsburg and Sandton Johannesburg Halal / secure

Fordsburg for the halal food and the night market; Sandton for security and business hotels, with halal options in the malls.

Stellenbosch and Franschhoek Winelands Scenery

Cape Dutch architecture in mountain valleys an hour from Cape Town. Halal food is thin here - plan to eat in Cape Town or self-cater.

Beaches, pools and leisure

What a halal-friendly trip to South Africa costs

The best value destination in this guide after Egypt - a weak rand goes a long way. All figures are per person per day unless stated, excluding international flights.

ItemBudgetMid-rangePremium
AccommodationZAR 700-1,200ZAR 1,800-3,500ZAR 9,000+
Food (3 meals)ZAR 250-450ZAR 600-1,100ZAR 2,500+
Car hire per dayZAR 400-600ZAR 700-1,100ZAR 3,000 (with driver)
AttractionsZAR 150-400ZAR 600-1,200ZAR 3,000+
Safari lodge per night (pp)ZAR 1,800-3,000ZAR 4,500-8,000ZAR 20,000+
Daily total per personZAR 1,200-2,000ZAR 3,000-5,500ZAR 18,000+

Best time to visit South Africa

Southern hemisphere seasons, and the Cape and the safari areas have opposite best seasons.

PeriodWeatherVerdict for a halal trip
October-April20-30C in the CapeCape Town's summer - warm, dry, long days, and the best time for the peninsula and the winelands. Peak prices over Christmas and January.
May-September10-20C in the Cape, dry in KrugerThe best safari season - the bush thins out, animals gather at waterholes and malaria risk drops. Cape Town is wet and cold.
March-MayMild everywhereA good compromise - autumn in the Cape with fewer visitors, and the safari season beginning. Whale watching at Hermanus runs June to November.
Durban, year-round22-30CSubtropical and warm all year. Summer (December to March) is hot and humid with afternoon storms; winter is dry and perfect.
Travelling during Ramadan: South Africa's Muslim community is small nationally but dominant in specific areas, and Ramadan in the Bo-Kaap, Durban's Grey Street quarter and Fordsburg is very visible. Cape Town has a distinctive tradition: the moon-sighting at Three Anchor Bay, where crowds gather on the beach to watch for the new crescent and the announcement is made publicly. Boeka (iftar) tables, samoosas made in enormous quantities and the koesister trade define the month. Nothing closes nationally. Eid prayers fill mosques and open grounds, and the Bo-Kaap holds street celebrations.

South Africa halal travel FAQ

The questions Muslim travellers ask most often before booking.

Who were the Cape Malays?
Muslims brought to the Cape by the Dutch East India Company from 1658 onwards - slaves, convicts and political exiles from the Indonesian archipelago, India and Sri Lanka. Sheikh Yusuf of Makassar, exiled in 1694, and Tuan Guru, a Tidore prince imprisoned on Robben Island from 1780, are the central figures. Their descendants built the Bo-Kaap and the Auwal Mosque, and the term 'Cape Malay' describes the community and its culture rather than an accurate origin.
Can I do a halal safari?
Yes. Several Kruger-area lodges and private reserves are Muslim-owned or arrange halal catering and prayer facilities with advance notice, and some specialise in Muslim guests entirely. Book the catering at the same time as the room and get it confirmed in writing.
How reliable is South African halal certification?
Very. SANHA (the South African National Halaal Authority) and the MJC (Muslim Judicial Council) are long-established, audit supply chains, and certify supermarket products, national restaurant chains and hotels. Both publish current certified lists. Coverage is among the best outside the Muslim world.
Is it safe?
It requires awareness. Violent crime rates are high by international standards, though tourist areas are heavily policed and most visitors have no problems. The practical rules: do not walk at night, use Uber or Bolt between areas, keep valuables out of sight, and keep car doors locked in Johannesburg traffic.
What is bunny chow?
A hollowed quarter loaf of white bread filled with curry, invented in Durban by Indian workers who needed a portable lunch. No rabbit is involved - the name probably comes from 'bania', a merchant caste. Mutton is the classic filling, eaten with your hands using the bread lid to scoop.
Cape Town or Durban?
Cape Town for the Islamic heritage - the Bo-Kaap, the Auwal Mosque, the kramats and Sheikh Yusuf - and for the landscape, which is extraordinary. Durban for the food, the largest mosque in the southern hemisphere, warm sea and the biggest Indian community outside India. Ideally both; they are two hours apart by air.
When should I go?
October to April for Cape Town, May to September for Kruger. March to May is the compromise that works reasonably for both. Durban is warm year-round. If safari is the priority, go in the dry winter.
How expensive is it?
Exceptional value. A weak rand means a superb meal is ZAR 150-350 a head and a good hotel ZAR 1,800-3,500. The variable is safari - a self-drive in Kruger with rest camp accommodation costs a fraction of a private reserve lodge, and the game viewing is still excellent.